Category: Uncategorized

Hard disk & its types

by Sudip M. Sawant, posted in Computer, Uncategorized

Hard disk

 

  • Hard disk is a rigid non-removable magnetic disk with a large data storage capacity.
  • The hard drive is the computer’s main storage media device that permanently stores all data on the computer.
  • The hard drive was first introduced on September 13, 1956 and consists of one or more hard drive platters inside of air sealed casing.
  • Most computer hard drives are in an internal drive bay at the front of the computer and connect to the motherboard using either ata, scsi, or a sata cable and power cable.

 

Types of Hard disk

  1. IDE (Integrated Device Electronic) or ATA (advance technology attachment).
  2. SATA (serial advanced technology attachment).
  3. SCSI (small computer system interface).
  4. External Hard Drive.
  1. IDE (Integrated Device Electronic) or ATA (Advance Technology Attachment) :
  • IDE is a standard electronic interface used between a computer motherboard’s data paths or bus and the computer’s disk storage devices.
  • The IDE interface is based on the IBM PC Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) 16-bit bus standard, but it is also used in computers that use other bus standards.
  • Most computers which are sold recently, uses an enhanced version of IDE called Enhanced Integrated Drive Electronics (EIDE).
  • We can connect maximum two hard disk to a single controller, or one hard disk and one DVD Drive to a single controller.
  • Speed of IDE hard disk is 100 MB per second.
  • We have to perform Jumper Setting on Hard disk or IDE Optical Drive for connecting two or more Hard disk or Optical Drive.

 

 


Setting as a Master:

  • Use this setting if you are installing an additional hard disk drive to a single IDE cable with a hard disk drive Set as Slave, jumper one hard disk drive to Set as Master, and the other to set as Slave. 
  • Use this setting if you are installing an additional hard disk drive to a single IDE cable and the Cable Select setting is not recognized.

       Set as Slave:

  • Use this setting if you are installing an additional hard disk drive to a single IDE cable with a hard disk drive Set as Master, jumper one hard disk drive to Set as Master, and the other to set as Slave. 
  • Use this setting if you are installing an additional hard disk drive to a single IDE cable and the Cable Select setting is not recognized.

       Cable Select:

  • This setting is the default setting for pata / ide hard disk drives. 
  • With the Cable Select jumper setting, the BIOS determines whether a hard disk drive is Set as Master or Set as Slave by its position on the IDE cable. 
  • If the hard disk drive jumper is set to Cable Select and is connected to the black connector on the end of the IDE cable, it is recognized as Set as Master for that pata controller. 
  • If the hard disk drive jumper is set to Cable Select and is connected to the grey connector on the middle of the IDE cable, it is recognized as Set as Slave for that pata controller.

Note: When using Cable Select, your system must meet the following conditions:

  • Your systems host controller must support Cable Select.
  • Your hard drives must support Cable Select.
  • Your cable must support Cable Select.

 

  1. SATA (Serial Advance Technology Attachment): 

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  • Serial Advanced Technology Attachment, often abbreviated SATA , is a serial link – a single cable with a minimum of four wires creates a point-to-point connection between devices.
  • One of the main advantages of Serial ATA is that the thinner serial cables facilitate more efficient airflow inside a form factor and also allow for smaller chassis designs.
  • As an evolution of the older Parallel ATA physical storage interface, SATA host-adapters and devices communicate via a high-speed serial cable.
  • Several advantages over the older interface: reduced cable size and cost, native hot swapping, faster data transfer through higher signaling rates.
  • We can connect n number of sata hard disk or Optical drive depends upon the number of sata port available on the motherboard.
  • Sata data connector has 7 pins whereas Sata power connector has 15 pins.
 Standard  Data connector Pins Connections
Pins Similar Function
1 1st Ground
2 2nd A+ (transmit)
3 2nd A- (transmit)
4 1st Ground
5 2nd B – (receive)
6 2nd B + (receive)
7 1st Ground
—- —– Coding Notch

 

             Standard Power Connector Pins Connections
Pins Similar Function
— —– Coding Notch
1 3rd      3.3 Volts Power
2 3rd
3 2nd Enter/exit Power Disable (PWDIS) mode
4 1st  

Ground
5 2nd
6 2nd
7 2nd  

5 Volts Power
8 3rd
9 3rd
10 2nd      Ground
11 3rd Staggered spin up/activity
12 1st      Ground
13 2nd  

12 Volts Power
14 3rd
15 3rd

 

  • Speed of Sata drive according to their version:
  1. Sata 3.2 16 Gbit/s
  2. Sata 3.0 6 Gbit/s
  3. Sata 2.0 3 gbit/s
  4. Sata 1.0 5 Gbit/s

3. SCSI (Small Computer System Interface)

 

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  • Small Computer System Interface is a set of standards for physically connecting and transferring data between computers and peripheral devices.
  • SCSI is capable of supporting eight devices, or sixteen devices with Wide SCSI.
  • SCSI is a standard for parallel interfaces that transfers information at a rate of eight bits per second and faster, which is faster than the average parallel interface.
  • SCSI-2 and above supports up to seven peripheral devices, such as a hard drive, CD-ROM, and scanner, that can attach to a single SCSI port on a system’s bus.

 

  1. External Hard Disk. 

 

 

  • External HDD typically connect via USB; variants using USB 2.0 and Others interface generally have slower data transfer rates when compared to internally mounted hard drives connected through SATA.
  • Plug and play drive functionality offers system compatibility and features large storage options and portable design.
  • External HDDs are usually available as pre-assembled integrated products, but may be also assembled by combining an external enclosure (with USB or other interface) with a separately purchased HDD.
  • They are available in 2.5-inch and 3.5-inch sizes; 2.5-inch variants are typically called portable external drives, while 3.5-inch variants are referred to as desktop external drives.

Tips for Increasing Smart Phone Battery Life.

by Sudip M. Sawant, posted in Mobile, Uncategorized

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Useful

Tips to increase your Mobile battery life?

  • Android Phone are powerful but it’s tough to go much longer than a day without charging your phone.
  •  A number of factors have conspired to reduce the battery life of your phone over the past several years.
  • Faster Quad-Core Processor, thin & slim Designs, larger and brighter Amoled display, Wi-Fi & GPS and other software that runs in the background, all these are responsible for draining your phone battery.
  • Now a days the move of networks from 2G to 3G and now from 3G to 4G LTE has become one of the reason for less battery life.
  • Many people goes for the portable USB power banks, which can be used to charge your phone on the go.
  • My aim is show you how to reduce your Mobile power consumption and increase the battery life of your mobile phones.

Here are Some Tips that will Surely Benefit You to Increase your Smartphone Battery Life

  1. Turn Your Smartphone OFF when not in Use:-

power-off

  • This is the simplest and the most effective ways of conserving your smartphone battery power.
  • You can switch off you phone when you are in no reception zone or you are in sleep or you don’t want to answer the phone are office hour.
  • This will save a quite a good amount of energy in your phone battery.
  1. Avoid the Crappy Method of Full Charging & Discharging

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  • Smartphones battery are made up of either Lithium-ion or Lithium Polymer.
  • The main advantage of Lithium-ion battery is that you can charge them at any time at any level.
  • You don’t have to drain the battery completely, then charge it to 100 percent.
  • Lithium battery which are used in most of the smartphone are designed to be charged early and often.
  • Full Charging – Discharging method goes for only Nickel based batteries.
  • Letting your Lithium Battery too low or fully discharged can surely damage your battery.
  1. Turn Off the Phone’s Back Light
  • I know the back light is what makes the smartphone display easier to operate in bright shinny light or outside.
  • Reduce the amount of time to leave the back light on, usually 5 seconds is sufficient.
  • Smart Phone with ambient Light Sensor has the ability to turn off the back light of the phone in the bright condition and enables it in the dark.
  1. Avoiding using Unnecessary Feature

turn-off-wifi-bluetooth-etc

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  • The moment you know you battery is about to die in couple of minutes. Don’t use camera to click photos or use Internet for surfing or downloading.
  • Smart Phones Camera Flash light can drains amply amount of energy from the battery.
  • Turn off Bluetooth, it will drain your battery very quickly. Turned it ON only when you need it.
  • Turn off WI-FI, GPS, and infrared, when you don’t want use it. Turned it ON when you need to use it.
  1. Reduce the Brightness of the Display to lowest 

    screenshots-android-batterybrightness

 

 

  • Never check the option auto for brightness, uncheck the auto option & manually turn the brightness to lowest setting according to your choice.
  • Use dark colored or black wallpaper for your phone, it can increase the battery life.
  • Phones with Amoled screen should use black wallpaper, as it required less power to light them up. (you can download black wallpaper from Google Play Store)
  • Never use live wallpapers or animated picture for your phone background it will drain the battery faster.
  • This is one of the best ways to improve your battery life, because the screen is one of the biggest battery suckers.
  1. Adjust Your Network Setting  ddddfdfd
  • Use 3G or 2G network rather than 4G (LTE) network all the time, it will drain the battery quicker than you expected.
  • If the 4G signal is weal or there is no signal at all turned it off.
  • Turn off the NFC and Mobile data when you don’t need them.
  • Turn off the Phone, when you are in no cell service as your phone will constantly find a mobile tower to which it can connect for. This is drain large amount of energy from your phone battery.
  1. Doze
  • Doze is the new feature that comes in the Marshmallow Operating System.
  • It has a feature called hibernation, it is enable by default on your phones.
  • Phones enter into hibernation mode if it is not use for long period of time.
  • It help your phone to get much more out from your phone battery.
  1. Use Greenify index
  •  Greenify is app that optimize the performance of your phone and can increase the phone battery life significantly.
  • This app allows user to put other apps into hibernation when they are not in use. This will boost the battery performance.

9.  Set your ‘Do Not Disturb’ or ‘sleep’ schedule

android-l-do-not-disturb

  • Set sleep time or blocking mode to switch off Wi-Fi and mobile data when you don’t need them.
  •  If your phone is basically off limits at work, set your device to not ring, vibrate or connect to the internet while you’re at work.

10.  Don’t get Fooled by widgets

images

  • Never use a widgets that you don’t need and especially those one that required internet connection.
  • Never keep multiple widgets on your home screens (Social Networking, or Mails) that required continuous sync. It will drain your phone battery much faster.

11.Don’t fall into the auto-sync trap

accounts-sync

  • Turn off the auto sync option for your Google account, if you don’t need your Google account to sync every time you connect on internet.
  • Same goes for social networking sites, just turn the sync option on when you actually want to use the app.

12.  Explore the battery saving features on your phone
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  • Almost all ROM have different setting in the menu to turn on the battery saver
    option that will optimize the battery life.
  •  Make us of the inbuilt battery saver mode for your phone, if incase it’s not install
    then download it from Play store.

13.  Update all installed app

  • Application often get new update to use less battery power, that why we have to update our install apps whenever required.
  • Check for app updates in Google Play by hitting the menu key and going to My Apps.
  1. Turn OFF the Background Running app
  • Many apps that are running in the background is using processing power from battery.
  • Even if you are not using that app at that time they are running in background using the energy from battery to run.
  • Android is pretty good at managing these apps and automatically closing out ones that aren’t used for an extended period of time.
  1. Keep the battery cool.
  • Battery will last longer if we used near room temperature.
  • Avoid leaving your phone in hot temperature or in direct sunlight.
  • Most importantly, check the battery while it’s charging. If it seems excessively hot, then your charger may be malfunctioning.

Battery Failure Indicators

Know how to avoid battery failure:

  1. The usable time after recharging is shortened.
  2. Charge your smartphone with the charger that is compatible for your device.

  3. The battery becomes unusually warm during a recharge cycle.
  4. The battery becomes unusually warm during phone use.
  5. The battery case may become swollen. This is detectable by viewing the phone-side of the battery case.
  6. The case of a healthy battery is flat, and the battery will not a spin easily, whereas the faulty battery will swollen from the center & spin easily on plain surface.

What is COMPUTER ?

by Sudip M. Sawant, posted in Uncategorized

Computer is an electronic device that is designed to work with Information.

The term computer is derived from the Latin term ‘computare’, this means to calculate or programmable machine.

Computer cannot do anything without a Program. It represents the decimal numbers through a string of binary digits.

Charles Babbage is called the “Grand Father” of the computer. The First mechanical computer designed by Charles Babbage was called Analytical Engine. It uses read-only memory in the form of punch cards.

Computer is an advanced electronic device that takes raw data as input from the user and processes these data under the control of set of instructions (called program) and gives the result (output) and saves output for the future use. It can process both numerical and non-numerical (arithmetic and logical) calculations.

In simple word, Computer is an Electronic device that automatically performs arithmetic or logic operation on information input, process that input and provides an output according to the performed set of instruction stored with it.

Concept of Computer

Hardware, Software and Firmware together makeup a Computer System.

Hardware: – Hardware describe all the physical components used for the assembly the
Computer System.

Software: – Software constitute the instruction on which the Computer act which thus makes the
Computer usable.

Firmware: – Firmware are programs that are permanently written and stored in computer
memory (ROM).
Types of Computer:

Computer are of four types namely.

1. Super Computer
2.Main Frame Computer
3. Mini Computer
4. Micro Computer.


A) Super Computer

Super Computer are the most powerful type of Computer.

They are used for high speed processing of data.

The only disadvantage of Super Computer is it generates large amount of heat so we
require cooling device for it.

The supercomputers are very expensive and very large in size. It can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms; some super computers can span an entire building.

Presently, China’s “Tianhe – 2” is the world’s faster Supercomputer.

The Tianhe – 2 can perform 100 Peta-flops, i.e. quadrillions of floating point operations per second.

Uses of Supercomputers

  • Space Exploration.
  • Earthquake studies.
  • Weather Forecasting.
  • Nuclear Weapon testing.

Popular Supercomputers

  • IBM’s Sequoia, in United States
  • Fujitsu’s K Computer in Japan
  • IBM’s Mira in United States
  • IBM’s SuperMUC in Germany
  •  NUDT Tianhe-1A in China

B) Main Frame Computer
Main Frame Computer are not as powerful as Super Computer, but they are capable
of great processing speeds and data storage.

Government organizations uses Mainframes to run their business operations.

The Mainframe computers can be accommodated in large air-conditioned rooms because of its size.

Super-computers are the fastest computers with large data storage capacity, Mainframes can also process & store large amount of data.

Banks educational institutions & insurance companies use mainframe computers to store data about their customers, students & insurance policy holders.


Popular Mainframe computers

  • Fujitsu’s ICL VME
  • Hitachi’s Z800

C) Mini Computer

Mini Computer is also known as Mid-range Computer, are refrigerator – sized
machines.

These are small machines and can be accommodated on a disk with not as processing and data storage capabilities as super-computers & Mainframes.

These computers are not designed for a single user. Individual departments of a large company or organizations use Mini-computers for specific purposes.

Medium- sized companies or Department of large Companies typically use them for specific purpose.

For e.g.: Production Department use Mini Computer to monitor certain manufacturing

process and assembly line operation.

Popular Minicomputers

  • K-202
  • Texas Instrument TI-990
  • SDS-92
  • IBM Mid-range computers

D) Micro Computer

Micro Computer are the least powerful and yet the most widely used and fastest
growing type of computer.

The Micro-computers are specially designed for general usage like entertainment, education and work purposes.

Well known manufacturers of Micro-computer are Dell, Apple, Samsung, Sony and Toshiba.

There are 4 types of Micro Computer namely. 1. Desktop 2. Notebook 3. Tablet PC
4. Handheld Computer.

1. Desktop:
Desktop PC are small enough to fit on top of or alongside a desk yet are too big to
carry around.

2. Notebook:
Notebook PC also known as Laptop PC.

They are Portable, Lightweight and fit into most briefcases.

3. Tablet PC:
Tablet PC is a type of Notebook Computer that accept your handwriting.

This input is digitized and converted to standard text that can be further processed by
program such as word processor.

4. Handheld Computer:
Handheld Computer are the smallest and are designed to fit into the palm of one
hand.

These system contain an entire computer system, including the electronic components,
secondary storage, and input & output device.

PDA & Smart Phones are most widely used handheld PC.